Other traits considered masculine are traits relating to relative capacity for violence. Size is very important, but it seems to be in relative terms rather than absolute. It is more important that a man is bigger than other men than any specific measurement.

It’s plausible that poorer societies will have more practical gender distinctions. In particular, they’re less likely to push any trait to extremes.

For example, a lot of women suffer from extreme perfectionism. It’s plausible that a poorer society would focus on doing one’s tasks well enough to get good results rather than having standards which are impossible to achieve.

Its an interesting article but is not by itself conclusive.

Reminds me a little bit of differences in class mobility. (As an unremarkable-looking woman, chasing the masculine dream doesn’t sound so bad.)

It observes the effect Phil Goetz predicts: “traditional values” are correlated with low sex differences, but it says this is independent of the wealth effect.

I find bizarre the claim that Africa is the part of the world where men are more conscientious than women.

Here’s a hypothesis I think is worth airing, though I don’t think it’s the answer here: the five factor model is derived from (fairly uniform) rich countries and it may not be appropriate to poor countries. eg, they may have other traits that they care about and use to display sex differences.